DOC.
3
THEORY
OF THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM 75
sion
of
the
problems posed by
these theorems.
[21]
In his next
paper,
Einstein
attempted a
generalization
of
the
concept
of
a
"mecha-
nisches System"
(see
Einstein 1903
[Doc. 4],
§
1).
[22]
Boltzmann 1898a. In
§
33 Boltzmann de-
fined "Momentoiden," and in
§
33 and
§
34 he
proved
the
equipartition
theorem for
a
microca-
nonical
ensemble, or,
in
Boltzmann's
terminol-
ogy,
an
"Ergode"
(see
note
6).
In
§
42 he
proved
the
equipartition
theorem
by a
method
quite
similar to
Einstein's, but
only
for
a
real
ensemble
of
canonically
distributed
systems
whose interactions
are
assumed to
be
negligible;
nowhere did he
prove
it for
a canonically
distrib-
uted virtual ensemble.
[23]
The
exponents
of
e
in both
numerator
and
denominator should be
-
h[2V
+
a1r12
+
a2r22
+
...
+
anrn2].
Cf. Boltzmann
1898a,
§
42,
p.
124.
[24]
Here and in the next
line,
L
should
be L,
the
mean
kinetic
energy
of
the
system
as a
whole.
[25]
K
=
k/2,
where
k is
now
called Boltz-
mann's
constant.
[26]
A minus
sign
should be added to the
right–
hand side
of
the
equation.
[27] By
"Gleichungen
(1)" Einstein
evidently
meant Lagrange's
equations as given
above
on
this
page.
[28]
The
denominator of the
expression
in
curly
brackets should be
dp'v.
[29]
On the
right-hand
side,
dpv
should be
dp'v.
[30]
On the left-hand side
of
the first
equation,
pv
should be
p'v.
On the left-hand side
of
the
second
equation,
the
denominator of
the first
term should be
dpv.
[31]
On the
right-hand
side,
the denominator
of
the first
term
should be
dpv.
[32]
L should be
L;
see
note
24.
[33]
The dL in this
equation
is
reinterpreted as
8L below;
see
note 39.
[34]
This
assumption regarding
dt
anticipates
Einstein's
explicit
identification
of
time and
en-
semble
averages
in Einstein 1903
(Doc. 4),
§
2.
[35]
The
integral
should be
/
dp1
. . .
dqn.
[36]
The
subscripts
on
the left-hand side should
be
v
rather than
n.
From
here
to
the end of
§
8,
every V
or
V
should be V*
or
V*, respectively.
[37]
In the second
integral, 8(L)
should be
just
L.
[38]
From here to the end
of
§
8,
every
occur-
rence
of
L
should be L.
[39]
Einstein tacitly
assumed
that
dL in
eq.
(1)
is to
be
replaced by
8L,
in
accord
with
his earlier
remark that differentials
corresponding
to dt
are
to be
replaced by corresponding
ensemble
aver-
ages
derived from
a
variation in the
state
distri-
bution,
here
8h,
bV*.
[40]
The
exponent on
the left-hand side
of
the
equation
should be
-
2h(E +
E0).
[41]
The E/T should be E/T. In Einstein 1905k
(Doc. 16),
p.
551,
and in all
subsequent
cita-
tions
of
this
equation,
Einstein
was
careful to
write
E
(or
some equivalent)
for the
average en-
ergy,
whereas in all
previous
citations he
ne-
glected
to do
so.
Einstein's
expression
for the
entropy
is
essentially
identical
to
that
derived
in
Boltzmann
1871b,
pp.
725-728.
[42]
Just
such
a generalization
is
attempted
in
Einstein's
next
paper on
the foundations of sta-
tistical
physics,
where
no assumption
is
made
about the distinction
between
potential
and
ki-
netic
energy
in
defining a physical system (see
Einstein 1903
[Doc.
4],
§ 1).
The avoidance
of
a
distinction between kinetic and
potential en-
ergy is
characteristic of Heinrich
Hertz's
pro-
gram
in mechanics
(see Hertz,
H.
1894,
pp.
25-
27).
Einstein
is
reported
to
have studied
at
least
the
opening portion
of
Hertz,
H. 1894
as a
stu-
dent
(see
the
transcript
of
the
radio
talk
by
Jo-
seph
Sauter
in
Flückiger 1974,
p. 154).
[43]
In
effect,
Einstein here claimed
to
have
given a justification
for his
hypothetical
exten-
sion
of
the second
law,
stated in Einstein 1902a
(Doc. 2),
p.
799.
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