502 DOC. 17 PROBLEM
OF GRAVITATION
[18]In his
discussion of scalar theories of
gravity in
Einstein and Grossmann
1913
(Doc. 13),
part
1, §7,
Einstein
put
forward
an
argument
against
such theories without
taking
this
possibility
into
account;
see
also the discussion
on p.
1253
below.
[19]In
Einstein
and Grossmann 1913
(Doc.
13),
part
1,
§4,
a
similar
approach
is
followed.
[20]"dt"
should be "dt."
[21]See
Laue 1911a,
p.
74
or
Laue
1913,
p.
85; see
also Einstein and Grossmann
1913 (Doc.
13),
part
1, §7.
For the
significance
of Laue's scalar
in the
second version of Nordström's
theory,
see
Nordström
1913b,
§1.
[22]"K"
in
the
numerator
should
be
"x."
[23]See
Laue
1911a,
p.
169,
or
Laue
1913,
p.
209.
The summation
signs
should
be
omitted.
[24]See
Einstein and Grossmann
1913
(Doc. 13),
part
1,
§7.
Einstein retracted his
argument
against
scalar theories
in
the
comments
added
to the
republication
of
this
paper
(see
Einstein
1914d
[Doc. 26], p.
261).
Nordström discussed
the
problem
of the
dependence
of the
length
dimensions
on
the
gravitational
field in
Nordström
1913b,
§4.
[25]See
Nordström
1913b,
p.
538,
for Nordström's version of Einstein's
equation
(7).
This
equation
is
quoted
in
Einstein and Besso's
manuscript
on
the
motion of the
perihelion
of
Mercury
(Doc. 14), on [p. 52].
[26]For Einstein's method of
demonstrating
that the conservation laws hold
in Nordström's
theory,
see
Einstein and Grossmann
1913
(Doc. 13), §5.
[27]For
a more
detailed
explanation
of
this
argument,
see
Einstein 1914c
(Doc.
24).
Nord-
ström's
original theory
did
not
satisfy
the
equivalence principle
(see
Nordström
1912,
p.
1129,
where
he
acknowledges
a
letter
by
Einstein
pointing out
this
consequence
of
the
theory;
see
also Nordström
1913a).
Einstein further discussed the role of
the
equivalence
of
energy
and
gravitational
mass
in
Nordström's
theory
in
Einstein
1914h
(Doc. 31),
p.
344.
[28]The
two
types
of clocks
were
earlier described
in
Einstein 1912c
(Doc.
3), §3. During
Nordström's visit
to
Zurich
in late
June
1913,
Einstein
and
Nordström
jointly
worked
on a
calculation related
to
a
comparison
between these
two
clocks
(see
the
entry
for
29
June
in
Ehrenfest's
Diary
"I," NeLR,
Ehrenfest
Archive, Notebooks, ENB: 4-15).
[29]In
a
letter
to
Erwin Freundlich of
mid-August
1913
(Vol. 5,
Doc. 468),
Einstein called
Nordström's
theory "very
reasonable"
("sehr
vernünftig")
and
commented that
it
showed how
to
achieve results without the
use
of
the
equivalence hypothesis.
See
also Einstein and Fokker
1914 (Doc.
28),
p.
328,
for another
positive
evaluation of Nordström's
theory.
[30]Einstein
1911h
(Vol. 3,
Doc.
23).
[31]The
following provides
the first
popular explanation
of
the
principle
of
equivalence.
Einstein's
thought experiment
is
taken
up
and criticized
by
Gustav Mie
in
the discussion
fol-
lowing
the lecture
(see
Einstein
et
al. 1913
[Doc. 18],
p.
1264).
[32]For
a
historical discussion of
the principle
of
equivalence,
see
Norton
1985.
[33]Einstein and
Grossmann 1913
(Doc.
13).
[34]This
section summarizes Einstein and Grossmann
1913
(Doc. 13),
part
1,
§§2-4.
[35]In
Einstein's
presentation
of the four-dimensional formulation of
special relativity
in
his
unpublished manuscript
on
special relativity (Doc.
1),
he had
followed Minkowski
in
using
an
imaginary
time coordinate.
[36]In §2
of Einstein 1912d
(Doc. 4)
Einstein referred
to
such devices
as
"pocket"
("Taschen")
instruments. The
concept
of
a
natural
length
was
introduced
in
part
1,
§3,
of
Einstein and Grossmann
1913
(Doc. 13).
[37]All denominators "dxs" should
be
"ds" and there should
be
no
summation
with
respect
to
s.
[38]The
signs
of
all terms
on
the
right-hand
side with the
exception
of those of
the
last line
should
be
negative,
as was
pointed
out in
Einstein and Fokker 1914
(Doc.
25),
p.
323.
[39]Ricci
and Levi-Civita
1901.
[40]Christoffel
1869.
[41]See
Einstein and Grossmann
1913 (Doc.
13), part 2,
and
also Grossmann
1913
for
expo-
sitions of the mathematical method.
[42]Kottler 1912.
This
paper
was
earlier cited
in
Einstein and Grossmann
1913
(Doc. 13),
p.
23.
Previous Page Next Page