564
DOC.
23 MAX
PLANCK AS
SCIENTIST
Published
in
Die
Naturwissenschaften
1
(1913):
1077-1079. Published
7
November
1913.
[1]This
article
was
solicited
by
Ferdinand
Springer,
the
publisher
of the
new
weekly journal,
Die
Naturwissenschaften.
He
had tried
to
become Einstein's
publisher
several
years
earlier
(see
the
Julius
Springer Publishing
House
to
Einstein, 25
October
1910
[Vol.
5, Doc. 228], and
Davidis
1985,
p.
53).
Einstein
had not yet begun writing
the
article three weeks before
its
publication (see
Einstein
to
Elsa
Löwenthal,
16
October
1913
[Vol.
5,
Doc.
478]).
[2]Planck
delivered his
inaugural
address
as
rector
on
15
October
1913
(see
Planck 1914b
for
its
published
version). His rectorship at
the
University
of Berlin
is
discussed
in
Heilbron
1986,
pp.
63-72.
[3]Planck
1879.
[4]Planck
1887.
[5]See
Gibbs 1876.
[6]See
Van
't
Hoff
1886.
[7]For
Einstein's views
on
the
difficulty
of
reading
Gibbs,
see
also Einstein
to
Michele
Besso,
23
June
1918.
[8]See Planck
1887,
pp.
501-503. Arrhenius
first
published
his views
on
dissociation later
the
same
year
in
Arrhenius
1887.
Planck discussed the
relationship
of
his
work
to
that of
Arrhenius
in
Planck
1888.
[9]Ostwald's dilution
law
appeared
in
Ostwald
1888. It is
contained
in
principle
in
the
equa-
tions derived
by
Planck
in
sec.
4
of Planck
1887.
[10]See Planck
1896b.
[11]For
a
detailed historical
account
of
the
energetics
controversy,
see
Deltete
1983.
[12]See
Planck
1896a.
[13]A
detailed historical
account
of
the early years
of
the
quantum theory
with
extensive
references
to
other studies
can
be
found
in Kuhn 1978.
[14]See
Kirchhoff
1860.
[15]See Boltzmann
1884.
[16]Wien
1893.
[17]This
relation
was
derived first in
Planck
1899,
but became
more
widely
known
by
its
publication
in
Planck 1900a
(see in
particular
p.
99
of
the
latter
paper).
For
a
brief discussion
of Einstein's first
reading
of these
papers,
see
Vol.
1,
the editorial
note,
"Einstein
on
Thermal,
Electrical, and
Radiation Phenomena,"
pp.
235-237.
[18]Planck
1901a.
The
argument appeared
first in
Planck
1900b.
[19]See Boltzmann 1877.
[20]This
point
is
developed
further in
Einstein 1909b
(Vol.
2,
Doc.
56), pp.
544-545,
Einstein
1910d
(Vol.
3,
Doc.
9), pp.
1276-1282,
and Einstein
et
al.
1914a
(Vol.
3,
Doc.
27),
pp.
353-
357.
[21]See
Planck
1900b,
1901b.
[22]See Perrin
1912
for
a
contemporary
review of
methods for
determining Avogadro's
number
N. See
also Einstein
to
Jean
Perrin,
11
November 1909
(Vol.
5,
Doc.
186),
and Vol.
2,
the editorial
notes,
"Einstein
on
the
Foundation of Statistical
Physics,"
pp.
46-47,
"Ein-
stein's Dissertation
on
the Determination of Molecular
Dimensions,"
pp.
170-182, and
"Ein-
stein
on
Brownian
Motion,"
pp.
206-222.
[23]Einstein
emphasized
this
point
in his two
major papers
of
1909,
Einstein 1909b
(Vol. 2,
Doc. 56) and
Einstein 1909c
(Vol.
2,
Doc.
60).
[24]Note
that
the
eight-year
period to
which Einstein refers here does
not begin
with Planck's
papers
of
1900-1901,
but rather
with the
year 1905,
and
his
own
paper
in
which
light quanta
were
introduced
(Einstein
1905i
[Vol.
2,
Doc.
14]).
[25]Planck's revisions of
his original theory
of thermal radiation
are
in
Planck
1911a,
1911b,
and
1912. See
also the second edition
of his book
on
thermal
radiation,
Planck
1913,
and his
Solvay
lecture,
Planck
1914a,
especially pp.
91-94. Historical discussions of this work
are
given
in Kuhn
1978, chap. 10,
and in
Needell
1980, chaps.
4 and 5.
For Einstein's reaction
to
Planck's revised
theory,
see
Einstein's
discussion remark after Planck's
Solvay
lecture
(Planck
et
al.
1914,
p.
106
[Vol. 3,
Doc.
25])
and Einstein
to
Wilhelm
Wien,
17 May
1912
(Vol. 5,
Doc.
395).