E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D l x x x v Underscored words are italicized. Words in all-capitalized letters are rendered with first-letter capitalization. When two parallel dashes (short “equal sign”) were used to indicate a hyphen, they are rendered as a hyphen. Einstein’s handwritten abbreviation symbol for the conjunction “and” is tran- scribed as an ampersand. The double consonants “mm” and “nn” abbreviated by placing a bar over the single consonant, as well the abbreviated endings “ung” and “ungen,” are tran- scribed in full. The use of “J” for “I” in typed originals or transcriptions is rendered in its modern usage, “I.” As Einstein does not differentiate between a Latin “I” and a gothic “I,” both are rendered in Latin, except where otherwise indicated in scientif- ic notation. When combinations of gothic and roman “s” are used to indicate “ß,” they are transcribed as “ß.” However, when they are used to indicate both “ß” and “ss” (e.g., as written by Maja Winteler-Einstein), they are transcribed as “ss.” The old convention of separating with an apostrophe an adjectival indicator of a proper name from the name itself is modernized: for example, “Tetrode’sche” is rendered “Tetrodesche.” Where lack of punctuation might prove confusing in understanding a passage, an extra space is inserted in the text. Quotation marks are transcribed according to conventional usage in each language. Where Einstein uses a superscript × and an * for the same purpose, it is uniform- ly rendered as *. Spaced type (“Sperrdruck”) in the original is rendered in italics, except in proper names, where it is rendered in roman font with first-letter capitalization. Proper names in all capital letters are transcribed with first-letter capitalization. Where place names or official phrases appear in italics or in all capital letters in the salutation, dateline, or closure of an original, they are rendered in roman font with first-letter capitalization. ANNOTAT ION The Introduction and Editorial Notes discuss the content and context of a text or significant themes common to several texts. The annotation to documents presented as full text elucidates references to per- sons, places, scientific developments, organizations, events, and literary references that were familiar to the author and to the intended audience of a text, but not nec- essarily to the current reader wherever possible, contemporaneous sources are