626 INDEX
Electrons (cont.)
electrics,
398n;
fluctuations
in
velocity of,
505n;
in
magnetic field, 518,
518n;
mean
energy
of,
505n;
in
metals,
232-233,
500;
in
radiation
field, 505n, 543; secondary, 540,
547n
(see
also
Energy).
See
also
Cathode
rays; Ehrenhaft, Felix;
Electric
charge;
Lorentz's
theory
of
electrons;
Millikan's
ex-
periments
Electrostatic fields,
xix, 389; frequency of,
178n
Electrostatics, 317-341,
367, 389,
392.
See
also
Potential
Ellermann
(Institutsmechaniker), [564]
Emission,
260, 506n;
and
absorption,
457,
517, 535-536, 542,
558; coefficient,
513.
See
also
Radiation
Emission
theory
of
light.
See
Light
Empirical
facts. See
Experience; Experiments
Energy,
32, 204,
374-375;
atomic,
in
lattice,
463-464; conservation
of
(see
Conserva-
tion);
conversion into
heat, 351; current
and
Poynting
vector, 392;
definition of,
32;
den-
sity,
279;
distribution
of, xix, 178,
270,
281n-282n,
557;
electric,
332;
electromag-
netic, 392, 400n;
electrostatic,
345;
elemen-
tary quantities
of, 504n; emission,
395-396,
515-516;
exchanges, 504n,
522-524;
of
fields,
xix, 350, 555; fluctuations,
454n,
533-539,
546n;
and
frequency, 250, 497n,
546n;
increase and work,
375;
law
(see
Con-
servation);
localization of,
178, 249, 252,
423n;
magnetic,
350-351,
362, 373;
and
mass,
5,
64,
124n,
437-438, 439n,
488-
491
(see
also
Mass-energy equivalence);
mean,
deviation
from, 533,
535-536,
538;
mean,
of
electron, 505n; mean,
of
moving
gas
molecules,
543; mean,
of
oscillator
and
temperature,
510,
523-524,
531;
mean
square, 536;
potential
(see
Potential
energy);
principle (see
Conservation,
of
energy);
quanta, 178n,
422, 510,
514, 531,
533,
539,
556
(see
also
Planck, Max); quantum
distri-
bution
of, 545n;
of
radiation, 250,
423,
515-516,
560;
of
secondary
electrons,
540,
547n;
thermal,
446;
transmission,
514,
523;
transmission, molecular
kinetic
mechanism,
457;
transmission,
through
radiation,
392,
489,
492;
zero-point,
281n. See
also
Black–
body
radiation;
Decomposition;
Electromag-
netic
energy;
Kinetic
energy
Engelbrecht,
576
Ensemble:
canonical,
204-205, 207-211,
231-232,
244n-245n, 315; microcanonical,
208,
231-232,
245n, 315n;
statistical laws
in, 204,
207-208
Entropy,
xxvi,
228-229, 250-251,
288-293,
450,
538,
550-552,
554;
definition
of, 550,
557;
density,
450-451,
455n;
and irrever-
sibility,
314; maximum,
291-292; and
prob-
ability,
250,
288-291,
307,
532-533,
550-
557; states and, 307,
553. See
also
Boltz-
manns principle; Probability;
Thermo-
dynamics, second and third law
of
Eötvös's
law,
402-406,
406n-407n;
atomistic
interpretation
of, 414n;
and
experiments,
407n. See
also
Mass
Equation
of
state, 180;
for
extended
molecules,
6;
for ideal
gases, 179,
212
Equilibrium, 33, 352,
450,
512, 521,
523;
con-
ditions, 85-86; and
rigid bodies, 76;
statisti-
cal,
465, 522-524;
thermodynamic, 296,
314,
465,
503, 522, 550-551; thermo-
dynamic,
deviations
from, 291-294, 508
Equipartition
theorem, xx,
270, 281n, 508,
507n,
562n;
and heat radiation,
268n,
505n;
and
oscillator
movement,
280
Equivalence principle, xxix,
5,
126n,
486-492,
497n. See
also
Acceleration
Ergodic hypothesis, 196,
202,
244n,
287. See
also
Irreversibility;
Statistical mechanics
Ergodic systems, 551;
and trajectories,
195-
201,
244n
Ether, xix,
131-133,
178,
426-430,
446;
abso-
lute
motion
of, 429; at
absolute rest
(see
Ether,
Lorentz's
theory
of);
as
ad hoc
hy-
pothesis,
443;
earth's
motion
through,
137-
138, 175n;
existence
of, 141-142, 144-145,
443;
influence
on length
contraction, 444;
Lorentz's
theory
of,
428-430
(see
also
Lorentz,
Hendrik
Antoon; Translation);
and
matter,
133-136,
557; moving, 135, 137;
relative
to
moving
matter, 135-136,
138,
427-429;
stationary, 135, 439n;
theory
of,
142, 174n, 439n;
total
drag
of,
133,
136
(see
also Fizeau's
drag coefficient);
value
of
concept
of, 443
Eucken, Arnold Thomas
(1884-1950),
6,
473-
474, 477n,
532, 545n-546n
Euler's
angles,
105-106
Euler
equations,
6,
102-103,
106,
114
Euler's
theorem, 119
Evaporation:
molar heat
of,
407n; point,
402-
403
Event,
148, 211, 431;
elementary,
151-152;
time of, 432. See
also
Coordinates;
Frames
of
reference
Excitation
threshold, xxi,
546n