l I N T R O D U C T I O N T O V O L U M E 1 3 ultimately come to be understood. Most subtle of all was Painlevé’s skepticism, which, though the process took decades, led to a recognition of the full power and beauty of the theory. As already shown in previous volumes, pacifism and international reconciliation continued to remain intertwined in Einstein’s political engagements. In his preface to the German edition of Bertrand Russell’s Political Ideals, he guardedly support- ed Russell’s advocacy of passive resistance and the abolition of “military power” (Doc. 2). He sustained this attitude when siding with Rolland in his opposition to Barbusse, who had argued that violence might be necessary in a revolution, a de- bate published in the journal of the Clarté movement (Doc. 152). In a short piece on the “International Character of Science” published in January 1922 (Doc. 3), Einstein lamented that large-scale international conferences could not yet be held in postwar Europe due to the exclusion of colleagues from former enemy countries. In his opinion, the minority among the international scholarly community who were “inspired by grander motives and feeling” could not yet overcome the “psychological resistance to the restoration of internationalist scien- tific labor associations.” In the meantime, that minority could work toward the re- covery of internationalist societies by maintaining close contacts with like-minded colleagues, and by advocating international interests within their own spheres of in- fluence. Eventually, economic development would bring about the desired change in attitudes. In June 1922, in the same spirit, Einstein addressed the meeting of Ger- man and French pacifists held in the Reichstag during a visit to Berlin by a delega- tion from the French League for Human Rights. He argued that the nature of internationalism had changed. Technology, which had led to a drastic reduction in the distances between peoples and between institutions, and the worldwide disper- sion of modern production, necessitated collaboration in a “larger political organi- zation” (Doc. 228). As he had done earlier in Paris, in November Einstein reiterated his conviction that postwar reconstruction, rather than aiming to settle the furious debates over war guilt, should become a focal point of international efforts to bring about inter- national reconciliation (Doc. 388). He deplored the persistent obstacles to rap- prochement raised by his colleagues. Among them, fellow academician Emil Warburg persisted in opposing the election of foreign scholars to the Prussian Academy of Sciences (Doc. 52). Others, including Max Planck, were willing to agree to some of Einstein’s proposals, such as extending an invitation to foreign physicists to a conference in Berlin—albeit moderated by the condition that such invitations be reciprocations for those extended to Einstein himself (Doc. 204). Einstein, confronted with pressures to conform to prevailing sentiments, continued to advocate that, in times of political tension, it was “the main duty of all scholars